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Ultra Centrifugal Mill ZM 200

Application Flyer (11)

The Art of Milling (White Paper)
Polymers and Plastics
Biotech
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- [pdf] English (755 KB)
Sample Preparation of Biofuels/Biomass
Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis
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- [pdf] English (862 KB)
RoHS
Sample Preparation of Food and Feed => NIR
Pharma
Forensic
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- [pdf] English (874 KB)
Cement
Coal

Application Reports (36)

Representative Sample Preparation to Environmental Analysis
The prevention of environmental pollution is a prime issue of today’s industrialized societies. Important instruments in this context are regular checks using the latest analytical methods. Beside air and water analysis the focus is also on environmental remediation and declaration analyses as well as examination of soils, construction waste, sediments, secondary fuels and many more. Prevention and ecological recycling and disposal are the key words of a modern environmental policy. If the production of waste cannot be prevented, the primary objective is its material or energetic recycling. Residuals which cannot be recycled have to be disposed of in an ecologically friendly way.

Scrap turned into raw materials: End-of-life vehicles re-used
The EU directive 2000/53/EG stipulates that as of 2015 95 % of the weight of a car that has reached the end of its life span have to be recycled. The work of ARN is strongly focused on this objective. Together with partner companies they make sure that old cars are processed in an environmentally compliant way. The recycling chain begins with the companies that dismantle the car and remove raw materials and liquids. Waste management companies collect these materials and deliver them to the processing companies who reuse the materials in accordance with high production standards.

Renewable energies on the rise
Sample preparation of vegetable-based raw materials with laboratory mills

Thanks to the increasing usage of biomass as a source of energy, the analysis of these materials in the context of R&D and quality control gains importance, too. Due to the complex properties of plant materials, adequate sample preparation can be rather a challenge.

Down to the bone
Use of laboratory grinders for size reduction of human bones and bioceramics

Bone implants and substances for bone regeneration are used in surgery to replace degenerated bone material by implants or to “re-build” it with specific substances. The material used in implants varies from autogeneic (supplied by the patient) through allogeneic (supplied by a donor) bones to replacement materials such as hydroxylapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Bovine bones and corals are used in conjunction with synthetically produced foamed materials to form a basis for the regeneration of bone substance. Various RETSCH mills are suitable for the preliminary and fine grinding of human bones as well as bioceramic materials.

Sample Preparation in the Pharmaceutical Industry
In the analysis of solid material, the popular adage that “bigger is better” certainly does not apply. The goal is to produce particles that are sufficiently small to satisfy the requirements of the analysis while ensuring that the final sample accurately represents the original material. The “particles” of interest to the analyst generally range from 10 µm to 2mm. Additionally there are many application, where even finer sizes are needed. One example are active ingredients, where it is necessary to grind in the submicron range. Finally for DNA or RNA extraction mechanical cell lysis is well-established. Materials differ widely in their composition and physical properties. Hence, there are many different grinding principles that can be applied, and this, together with other variables such as initial feed or “lump” size, fineness needed and amount of sample available, results in a wide range of models available to the researcher.

Sample Preparation and Analysis of Arsenic in Rice
Considerable care must be taken when analyzing a sample like rice in order to achieve an accurate result. The major source of error when analyzing a bulk material comes not from the analytical measurement itself, but from the sample handling, i.e., sampling, sample division, grinding, digestion, etc.

Representative Analysis Results Require Adequate Sample Preparation
A faultless and comparable analysis is closely linked to an accurate sample handling. Only a sample representative of the initial material can provide meaningful analysis results. Rotating dividers and rotary tube dividers are an important means to ensure the representativeness of a sample and thus the reproducibility of the analysis. Correct sample handling consequently minimizes the probability of a production stop due to incorrect analysis results. Thus correct sample handling is the key to effective quality control.

As fine as necessary
A variety of methods can be used to analyze solid materials. What they all have in common is the necessity to use a representative, homogeneous analysis sample which needs to have a particular fineness, depending on the analytical method used. The size reduction and homogenization of solids is usually carried out with laboratory crushers and grinders.

Secondary fuels – Energy for the cement industry
Due to decreasing resources and increasing market prices for primary fuels like oil, gas or coal, it is paramount for the cement industry to search for alternative energy sources. With regard to the CO2 emissions trading, a switch to energy sources which have a neutral CO2 balance can be rather profitable. Usually, these are non-fossil fuels. Industries with high energy consumption have made increasing use of alternative fuels during the last years. Accordingly, the use of so called secondary fuels (also waste derived fuels/wdf or refuse derived fuels/rdf) has gained importance. These are mostly combustible fractions of domestic or industrial waste which cannot be recycled.

Plastic - one material with many variations
Thanks to the almost unlimited variety of plastics, their fields of application are huge. Abbreviations such as PE, PET, PC, PP , PBT or ABS not only describe a simple material but a whole class of products with many different characteristics. Depending on the intended use, plastic needs to be, for example, impact-resistant, breakproof, heat-resistant or solvent-resistant.

Toxic analyses of biological samples
Cryogenic grinding facilitates the preparation of animal samples

Detection of Mycotoxins in Nuts
Preliminary and fine size reduction

Fat Analysis in Food and Feed
Size reduction of samples with a high fat content

Traces of Heavy Metals in Toys
From Size Reduction to Analysis

Milling of Samples in a Fertilizer Laboratory
The fertilizer laboratory of the Division of Regulatory Services at the University of Kentucky uses the Retsch ZM 200 ultra centrifugal mill for milling fertilizer samples.

Sick with Dolls
Traces of Heavy Metals in Toys

Cement - representative sample preparation is important
To produce high-quality cement, the mineralogical and chemical composition of raw materials as well as intermediate and finished products has to be determined. At each stage of the production, samples have to be taken, processed and analysed to ensure quality control without gaps. Retsch offers a range of instruments that are used for sample preparation during the complete production process, from the quarrying of the raw materials to the final product. The typical sample preparation process involves preliminary size reduction, sample division and fine size reduction before the sample can be submitted to further analyses....

Tracking down hazardous substances (RoHS/WEEE)
Preparing electronic waste for obtaining representative analytical samples.
A solution for converting an electrical appliance into a meaningful analytical sample is described using a remote-controlled toy car as an example.

Size reduction within the context of sample preparation
In general “size reduction” is taken to mean the disintegration of solid substances by mechanical forces without altering their state.

Sample Preparation of Electronic Scrap in the Context of RoHS and WEEE
Since August 2004 new EU directives for the disposal of used electrical and electronic appliances as well as the restricted use of certain hazardous substances in these devices have become effective.

The preparation of samples of solid substances for spectroscopic analysis
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is one of the most versatile multi-element methods of chemical analysis. The technique is based on excitation of fluorescent radiation from a sample by bombarding it with high energy X-ray quanta and subsequent study of the characteristic X-ray radiation emitted by its elements.

Bigger is not Better
There is a trend towards smaller samples that have more controlled particle size and yet remain representative of the material being analyzed.

Sample Preparation of Plastics for X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis
The elemental analysis of plastics has become more and more important. EC directive 91/338/EWG regulates the ban of cadmium in PVC, EC directive 94/62/EC defines limits for cadmium, lead, chromium and mercury in packing materials and EC directive 2000/53/EC defines limits for the same elements in end-of-life vehicles. This has created a strong need for a rapid and reliable testing method.

Cryogenic Preparation of Sample Materials
Within the context of sample preparation, size reduction plays an important role as it has a substantial influence on the results of the subsequent analysis. If the particles are too coarse or non-homogeneous the results of the analysis may turn out to be incorrect, especially if there is only a very small amount of sample material which represents the total amount.

Sample preparation of electronic scrap with SM 2000 and ZM 200
RETSCH mills in the context of RoHS and WEEE

Reliable sample preparation in food technology
An efficient sample preparation procedure for rapid, reliable and reproducible analytical results is becoming increasingly important today. Ever more stringent requirements are being set both in research and production, e.g. for product monitoring and quality control.

Analysis of cadmium in plastics
In recent years, mass media have focused on the topics of the environment and environmental conservation. With the advancement in scientific technology, resource development has progressed.

The Representative Sample Preparation of Waste
Now that a certain environmental awareness has developed in the population over the past few years, our efforts are geared not only to avoiding waste, but also to reducing the mountains of waste which still arise by means of raw material recovery and the reintroduction of secondary raw materials into the industrial cycle.

Fettbestimmung in Lebens- und Futtermitteln
Methoden und Vorgehen

Probenvorbereitung von Böden
Bestimmung von anorganischen Inhaltsstoffen in Bodenproben

In Industrienationen mit hoher Besiedlungsdichte und einem begrenzten Angebot an Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten unterliegt die Nutzung von Gebäuden und Flächen einem dauerhaften Wandel. Daher sind Bodenuntersuchungen für Investoren, Behörden und Privatpersonen unumgänglich. Umweltanalytische Untersuchungen bilden die Basis, um Gefährdungen aufzuzeigen und damit Menschen und eingesetztes Kapital zu schützen. Bei SGS Institut Fresenius in Herten werden bis zu 400 Bodenproben am Tag aufgearbeitet und analysiert. Hierbei wird sehr genau darauf geachtet, dass geltende Normen und Verordnungen eingehalten werden. In Deutschland gilt die BbodSchV, wobei die Analytik auch auf die Vorschriften anderer Länder angepasst wird.

Repräsentative Probenvorbereitung im Umweltlabor
Die Vermeidung von Umweltverschmutzung ist eines der zentralen Themen in den Industriegesellschaften des 21. Jahrhunderts. Eines der wichtigsten Instrumente in diesem Zusammenhang ist die regelmäßige Kontrolle mit modernen analytischen Methoden. Neben Luft- und Wasseranalytik stehen Altlastensanierungen und Deklarationsanalysen ebenso im Fokus wie die Analytik von Boden, Bauschutt, Sedimenten, Altholz, Sekundärbrennstoffen u.v.m.. Für nahezu sämtliche chemische und physikalische Analysenmethoden ist es notwendig, die Analysenprobe in einem möglichst hohen Grad zu homogenisieren und sie auf eine definierte Feinheit zu zerkleinern. Hierbei erstreckt sich die notwendige Probenvorbereitung auf alle Proben der unterschiedlichen Matrizes. Die Probenvorbereitung hat somit neben der Probenahme einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Analysenendergebnis, denn: Probenvorbereitungsfehler können das Endergebnis um mehr als 50% beeinflussen!

Schnell und schonend zerkleinern
In zahlreichen Labors werden täglich viele unterschiedliche Probenmaterialien aufbereitet. Für die Zerkleinerung von Feststoffproben auf Analysenfeinheit wird eine Mühle benötigt, die nicht nur vielseitig einsetzbar und leicht zu reinigen ist, sondern die auch eine reproduzierbare Probenvorbereitung – und damit zuverlässige Analysenergebnisse - garantiert.
Mit der Ultra-Zentrifugalmühle ZM 200 bietet RETSCH eine Rotormühle an, die nicht nur sehr schnell, sondern auch äußerst materialschonend zerkleinert und, dank einer umfangreichen Zubehörpalette, universell einsetzbar ist. Mit ihrem kraftvollen Powerdrive-Antrieb vermahlt die ZM 200 weiche bis mittelharte und faserige Materialien extrem schnell auf Endfeinheiten bis unter 100 µm und steigert so den Probendurchsatz im Labor.

Von der Probe zum Pressling – Probenvorbereitung von Feststoffen für die Röntgenfluoreszenz
Aufgrund der Einfachheit der eigentlichen RFA-Messung wird häufig der Aspekt der optimalen Probenvorbereitung übersehen, was sich dann in mangelnder Reproduzierbarkeit bis hin zu falschen Ergebnissen auswirken kann.

Zerkleinern von Proben in einem Düngemittellabor
Für die genaue und reproduzierbare Analyse von Düngernährstoff, Spurennährstoffen und Spurenmineralien ist das vorherige Zerkleinern der Probe unverzichtbar. Das Düngerlabor der Division of Regulatory Services der University of Kentucky verwendet zum Homogenisieren der Proben die Ultra-Zentrifugalmühle ZM 200 von Retsch.

Los especial del pigmento
Debido a la ilimitada variedad de colores y texturas que ofrencen los recubrimientos en polvo; muchos de los nuevos recubrimientosde aplicación especifica se crean en el laboratorio en pequeñas cantidades que luego se le envían al cliente para su aplicación y aprobación.

Molienda ultrarrápida y ultrafina
El nuevo molino ultracentrífugo ZM 200 de RETSCH es un molino de rotor no sólo extremadamente rápido y cuidadoso con el material molido, sino también de uso universal gracias a su amplia gama de accesorios.